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The bench maths I reach for most: bench chemistry, print fit, and the electronics numbers behind the ESP32 builds. Everything recalculates as you type.
How much powder to weigh out, and how much stock to pull for a target concentration.
C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ — diluting an existing stock.
Fold series with the transfer and diluent volume for every tube in the row.
| Tube | Conc | Transfer | Diluent |
|---|
FDM holes come out undersize and outer walls oversize. This is what to model so the part fits first try.
Series resistor for an LED with the nearest real E12 value, plus a divider solver.
Divider — scaling a sense voltage into an ADC.
Pack voltage, energy, and how far it actually goes — sized the way I spec ebike packs.
IPC-2221 width for a given current and temperature rise. Internal layers need roughly double.
Sanity check your own numbers. These are the same formulas I use at the bench, but they're first-pass sizing tools — not a substitute for a datasheet, a thermal model, or your protocol. Looking for statistical power instead? That one has its own page: power analysis →